Brittle deformation occurs when stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together. The sequence of events that happen when small crustal fragments reach a _____ - type margin in shown in fig 11.26. The subduction of oceanic lithosphere is the driving force in ______ building called ____. 1. dip-slip faults are classified as __ when the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. Plate motions and the interactions along _____ margins generate the tectonic forces that cause rocks to deform. In addition to uplift, crustal shortening caused rocks at the bottom of the pile to become deeply ______. can lie on its side so the axial plane is horizontal. Numerous transform faults cut the oceanic lithosphere and link spreading oceanic ridges. As large blocks of basement rock were displaced upward, the comparatively ductile sedimentary strata above responded by draping over the fault like clothes hanging over a bench. Eventually, uplifting and erosion exhume the _____ that consist of numerous interconnected plutons. The Bighorn Basin is a structural low, with the Absaroka Range to the west, the Bighorn Mountains to the … This doubly-plunging asymmetrical anticline is deeply dissected and exposes strata ranging in age from the Mississippian (Madison Formation) to the Paleocene (Ft. Union Formation). Sheep Mountain is a textbook example of an anticline fold. highly ____ rocks present a risk to construction projects, including bridges, highways, and dams. By contrast, Southeast Asia was assembled more recently, from the collision of several smaller crustal fragments. These faults represent a major boundary between the rocks below, which exhibit _____deformation, and the rocks above, which exhibit mainly -______deformation. Next, we will take a closer look at two examples of collisional mountains: The Himalayas , Earth's _____ collisional mountains, are still rising. By contrast, the term terrain is used when describing the shape of the surface topography or "_____of the ____". Broad upwarps in basement rock may deform the overlying cover of sedimentary strata and generate large folds. Little Sheep Mountain is a doubly-plunging asymmetric anticline in the northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Faults result from ductile deformation. Movement along a thrust fault can cause the hanging wall to be thrust nearly horizontal over the footwall block. Folds of this type are said to _____ because the hinge lines of the fold penetrate Earth's surface. The basic geologic features that form as a result of the forces generated by the interactions of tectonic plates are called ____ ____ or ____ _____. consequently, it is still relatively ____ and _____ from periods of mountain building. The most recent movement is often along a strand only a few meters wide, which may offset features such as stream channels. The continued closing of this ancient ocean basin resulted in the collision of a microcontinent with _____ ____. California's Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley are excellent examples of tectonic structures that are typically generated along an _____ type subduction zone. Rather than being a single fracture along which movement takes place, most continental transform faults consist of a zone of roughly ____ fractures. The limb of an anticline is also a limb of the adjacent _____. Sheep Mountain anticline is located on the eastern flank of the Bighorn Basin (Figure 1a), north central Wyoming, north of the town of Greybull. The Weald–Artois Anticline is a major anticline which outcrops in southeast England and northern France. Running northwest to southeast for about 15 miles, the formation is dissected in the middle by the Big Horn River, which runs through the 1,000-foot deep Sheep Mountain Canyon (also known as the Black Canyon). In map view, a plunging anticline makes a U-shaped or V-shaped pattern that points, or closes, in the direction of plunge. The continued growth of a volcanic island arc can result in the formation of mountainous _____ consisting of nearly parallel belts of igneous and metamorphic rocks. These mobile fluids migrate upward into the wedge - shaped region of mantle between the subducting slab and upper _______. True. Throughout history, portions of the Great Valley lay below sea level. Section 11.3 Faults and Joints: rock structures form by brittle deformation, form where brittle deformation leads to fracturing and displacement of Earth's crust, can be recognized in road cuts where sedimentary beds have been offset a few meters, large faults like the San Andreas Fault in California, have displacements of hundreds of kilometers of consist of many interconnecting fault surfaces. The remnants of this volcanic arc and oceanic sediments are recognized today as the ____ rocks found across much of the western _____, especially in New York. Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress, When flat-lying sedimentary layers are uplifted and tilted, their ______ change, but their shapes are often retained. As an accretionary wedge grows upward, it acts as a _____ to the movement of sediment from the volcanic arc to the trench. Subduction beneath a continental block, on the other hand, results in the formation of a ___ ___ ___ and mountainous topography along the margin of a continent. When rocks are subjected to stresses that exceed their strength, they _____, usually by _____ or ___. The survey area is located in north-central Wyoming, about 14 kilometers northwest of the town of Greybull. The major factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include, 1. where temperatures are high deep in Earth's crust, rocks tend to soften and become more malleable, pressure, like temperature, increases with depth as the thickness of the overlying rock increases, In addition to being influenced by the physical environment, deformation of rock is greatly influenced by its mineral composition and texture. Similarly, the Urals were uplifted during the assembly of Pangaea, when northern Europe and northern ____ collided, forming a major portion of ____. This thick, cold slab of crustal material has been intact for more than 2 billion years and is mechanically strong as a _____. Movements along these faults produced alternating uplifted fault blocks called __, are tilted fault blocks, also contribute to the alternating topographic highs and lows in the Basin and Range Province. Some of the world's largest and most important mineral deposits are located along joint systems. 2. Most major mountain belts are generated when one or more buoyant crustal fragments collide with a _____ margin as a result of _____. A monocline. As shown in fig. 3. These major strike-slip faults are called ___ ____. Geochemical analysis was used to constrain the origin and migration history of paleofluids. As a result, sediments begin to collect between the _____ ___ and the volcanic arc. ____ forces associated with colliding plates generally create folds as well as thrust faults that thicken and shorten the crust to produce ____ topography. Small-scale deformation of rocks by shear stresses occurs along closely spaced parallel surfaces of weakness, such as ___ surfaces and _____ fractures, where slippage changes the shape of rocks. Many rocks are broken by __ or even ___ sets of intersecting joints that slice the rock into numerous regularly shaped blocks. Without compressional forces to support them, mountains gradually collapse under their own weight. Consequently, a high percentage of the magma that intrudes the crust ____ reaches the surface; instead, it _____ at depth to form massive igneous plutons called ____. The result is crustal _____, with the crust reaching thicknesses of more than ___ miles. This event also displaced and further deformed the shelf sediments and sedimentary rocks that had once flanked the eastern margin of North ____. Because this new zone of rifting occurred east of the ____ that formed when Africa and North America collided, remnants of Africa remain ___to the the ____ ____ plate. The Sheep Mountain area, in the southwest Wind River Basin, is the up plunge closure of the Derby Dome-Winkleman Dome producing trend of an echelon folds which comprise the first line of folding down the northeast flank of the Wind River Mountains. an example from Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming N. Bellahsen, P. Fiore, D.D. Geologists refer to the accreted crustal blocks as _____. Where oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath an oceanic plate, a _____ ____ ____ and related tectonic features develop. Along ____ plate boundaries, flat-lying sedimentary strata, tabular intrusions, and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wavelike undulations called ____. The Basin & Range Province of the western US is an example of fault-block mountains. These environments generate the metamorphic and _____ cores of _____ mountains. ____________________ is a general term that refers to the changes in the shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress. The Sheep Mountain, Wyoming (figure above) is an example of … A plunging syncline. Take a look at the Big Horn River that cuts through the middle of Sheep Mountain. Its NW–SE trend (Figure 1) is similar to that of many folds within the Rocky Mountains, although some others formed at acute angles to the regional compression [ Erslev, 1993 ]. Young mountain belts include the ____ ____, which runs along the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn at the tip of South America to Alaska and includes the Andes: the Alpine-Himalaya chain, which extends along the margin of the Mediterranean, through Iran to northern India and into Indochina; and the mountainous terrains of the western Pacific, which include volcanic island arcs that comprise Japan, the Philippines, and Sumatra. In the stable ___________ of the continents, rocks reveal a history of deformation which shows that these areas were once sites of former mountain belts. Every body of rock, no matter how strong, has a point at which it will deform by ____ or_________. dip-slip faults in which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. These folds appear to have resulted from the reactivation of ancient, steep-dipping reverse faults located in basement rocks beneath the plateau. Fracture sets parallel to and perpendicular to the Laramide shortening direction acted as primary fluid flow conduits within Little Sheep Mountain anticline and provided enhanced porosity and permeability in the subsurface reservoir rocks. The field data gathered then form the basis for a paper titled: "Geologic History of the Sheep Mountain Region". Because of its low density and great thickness, _____ crust impedes the ascent of molten rock. The ____ ____ form when igneous rocks cool and develop shrinkage fractures that produce elongated, pillarlike columns. Others accommodate displacement between continental blocks that slip horizontally past each other. Because what are typically horizontal rock layers are here found tipped up and eroded what we were able to do as we hiked up the mountain was go through successively older layers of rock: we were hiking back through time. In addition, mountain belts of similar origin formed during the same period and were once ______ are found in the British Isles, Scandanavia, northwestern Africa, and Greenland. On June 5, 1976, the Teton Dam in Idaho failed, taking 14 lives and causing nearly 1 billion in property damage. The resulting wedge emerges to form the island of _____. With the collision of Africa and _____, the Appalachians, perhaps as majestic as the _____, lay in the interior of Pangaea. Located within this developing ocean basin was an active volcanic arc that lay off the coast of ______ America and a _______ situated closer to Africa. example: Sheep Mountain, Wyoming is an example of a plunging anticline A good example of topography that results when erosional forces attack folded sedimentary strata is found in the __ Valley and Ridge Province of the Appalachians The Mowry shale crops out in a SE-plunging syncline at the right. When tectonic forces are applied slowly over long time spans, rocks tend to display ductile behavior and deform by bending or flowing, Section 11.2 Folds: Rock Structures formed by ductile. Plunging anticline. 6.5. By contrast, the Appalachians are a much older mountain belt, in which active mountain building ceased about ____ million years ago. What is the nature of crustal fragments, and where did they originate? Partial ____ within the deepest and most-deformed region of the developing mountain belt produced magmas that intruded the overylying rocks. The Sheep Mountain anticline plunges to the northwest. Igneous and some metamorphic rocks (quartzite, for example) are composed of minerals that have strong internal chemical bonds. Downward structures having a shape similar to the shape of domes are termed _______. Sheep Mountain is in the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest. @article{osti_6084236, title = {Surface and subsurface analysis of Sheep Mountain anticline, Wyoming}, author = {Abercrombie, S}, abstractNote = {The Sheep Mountain area, in the southwest Wind River Basin, is the up plunge closure of the Derby Dome-Winkleman Dome producing trend of an echelon folds which comprise the first line of folding down the northeast flank of the Wind River Mountains. The Sheep Mountain anticline, in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming, formed during the Laramide orogeny. large transform faults accommodate relative displacements of up to several ___ ____. The answer lies in the nature of these diverse crustal blocks. The result was the displacement of the material that was ____ earlier by as much as 155 miles toward the interior of North America. These displaced crustal blocks include much of southeast Asia, region between India and China, and sections of ____. Folding of a basement involved, fault-cored anticline: an example from Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming : Nicolas Bellahsen, Patricia E. Fiore, David D. Pollard : 2005 International Conference on Theory and Application of Fault-Related Folding in Foreland Basins, Beijing, China Some large volcanic island arcs, such as _____, owe their size to having been built on fragments of continental crust that have rifted from a large landmass or the joining of multiple island arcs over time. Anticlines in the basin provide subsurface structural traps for oil and natural gas, several of which produce from the Mississippian Madison Formation, a world-class fractured carbonate reservoir. which exhibits the opposite sense of displacement is a well known example of a left-lateral strike-slip fault. Section 11.7 What causes Earth's varied topography? Model created for the Dartmouth College Earth Sciences Department off-campus program by Jonathan W. 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